Health behavior	Definition	Example
Benefits now, costs later	The individual does not seriously consider the future negative impact of their behavior	A patient with chronic pancreatitis who binge drinks alcohol may not react to established safe drinking limits, but may respond to the more tangible concept of seeing their consumption compared to that of their peers
Degree of difficulty	More difficult problems require more help to make the right decision	A patient with chronic pancreatitis who binge drinks alcohol may not react to established safe drinking limits, but may respond to the more tangible concept of seeing their consumption compared to that of their peers
Frequency	A person is confronted with rare and difficult decisions, with significant consequence	A patient that must give their consent for a surgery or treatment with uncertain outcomes that is much more likely to improve the situation than to exacerbate it. A nudge, such as stressing the positive outcome rate (e.g., 90% likelihood of success) could be relevant in such a situation
Feedback	People need feedback on their choices to make further decisions	Consider a person suffering from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency who has stopped taking their PERT without any immediate symptoms. Without any feedback (symptoms or health events), the patient is likely not to adhere to their treatment plan; again, providing information on likely future consequences that are as yet unseen could provoke behavior change
Knowing what you want (and need)	It is particularly hard for people to make choices when they cannot translate them into potential experiences	A patient who is facing a multitude of treatment options that have different cost / benefit outcomes could benefit from the physician breaking this down into simple terms

Drink type	Average qty of sugar (grams)	Average teaspoons of sugar
Flavored fruit drink (250 ml)	27+	6.5
Energy drink (600 ml)	36+	8.5
Soft drink (can, 375 ml)	38+	9
Soft drink (1.25-liter bottle, 1,250 ml)	140+	33

Physical activity with moderate aerobic intensity	Physical activity with vigorous aerobic intensity
Brisk walking	Running
Dancing	Walking/climbing
Gardening	Fast cycling
House chores	Aerobics
Games with children/walking domestic animals	Fast swimming
Building tasks (roofing, painting)	Sports and games (basketball, tennis, football, hockey, volleyball)
Carrying moderate loads (< 20 kg)	Carrying heavy loads (> 20 kg)

Drink type	Average qty of sugar (grams)	Average teaspoons of sugar
Flavored fruit drink (250 ml)	27+	6.5
Energy drink (600 ml)	36+	8.5
Soft drink (can, 375 ml)	38+	9
Soft drink (1.25-liter bottle, 1,250 ml)	140+	33

Intervention	Adherence Measurement	Results
Personalized education and counseling	Brief Medication Questionnaire	The intervention group had higher levels (p < 0.001) of medication adherence
Home communication intervention devices	Cardiovascular Risk Factor Modification Adherence	No statistically significant differences between groups
Regular audio- and video- call reminders	MEMS® caps	No statistically significant differences between groups
Smartphone application, pillbox	Bin opening or self-report on app	Device type not associated with medication adherence
Medication counseling, calendar, and medication information through pharmacist	Tablet count	The counseled group had statistically higher (p < 0.001) compliance
Matching icon on medication bottle and instruction sheet, written and verbal education through pharmacist	MEMS caps and refill adherence medication possession ratio	The intervention group had a statistically higher (p < 0.007) refill adherence
Teaching, medication simplification, and regular HCP contact after discharge	Pill count	The intervention group had statistically higher (p = 0.003) medication adherence than the control group
Education, diary cards, and medication simplification	Self-report	The intervention group had statistically higher (p = 0.039) medication compliance